Use climatic resources to improve fertilization efficiency

The layout of crops in the field is typically designed based on long-term climate patterns. This approach helps crops better adapt to changing weather conditions, ultimately improving yield stability and productivity. However, even when the same crop is grown in different regions by various farmers, the yields can vary significantly. Besides using improved seed varieties and better farming practices, achieving high yields also depends on scientific fertilization techniques. The efficiency of fertilization is closely linked to the proper use of climatic resources. Using temperature effectively to enhance soil fertility is crucial. Crops absorb nutrients and water through their roots, and controlling the right temperature for fertilizer application can greatly improve nutrient absorption. For example, ammonium bicarbonate tends to volatilize quickly when applied at high temperatures, leading to waste. Deep application helps regulate soil temperature and increases fertilizer efficiency. Different crops have varying optimal temperatures: rice prefers 30°C–32°C, cotton and corn thrive between 25°C–30°C, tobacco needs around 22°C, and barley grows best at 18°C. Therefore, during hot seasons, more decomposed organic fertilizer should be used in appropriate amounts. Farmers must also avoid matching the peak growth stage of the crop with the peak release of fertilizer, as this could cause early aging. In colder seasons, semi-humic organic fertilizers and high-concentration liquid manure can be applied to winter crops, providing heat during decomposition and raising soil temperature. Adding phosphorus and potassium fertilizers enhances cold resistance, while applying quick-acting fertilizers to weaker plants can help them recover faster. Light intensity plays a key role in boosting photosynthesis. The annual radiation varies across different ecological zones, typically ranging from 90 to 160 kcal, with some areas receiving over 190 kcal. Agricultural practices aim to optimize light intensity, increase leaf area, and improve photosynthetic efficiency, allowing crops to absorb and produce more nutrients. In well-lit areas, more nitrogen fertilizer should be applied to promote both vegetative and reproductive growth. In low-light areas, less nitrogen should be used to prevent delayed maturity. When light is too intense, deep fertilizer application is recommended to reduce photolysis and volatilization. Strong light also calls for more phosphorus and potassium to improve water use efficiency. As the leaf area expands, foliar fertilization should be increased, but it’s best done in the morning or after 4 p.m., when leaf stomata are open, enhancing nutrient absorption. Water is essential for regulating moisture, nutrients, temperature, and gas exchange in the soil. It directly affects root development and the uptake, transformation, and loss of nutrients. Proper water management can adjust fertilizer efficiency, regulate temperature, and promote overall plant health. Depending on rainfall and water availability, farmers must be cautious about excessive nitrogen application during rainy seasons to prevent crop lodging, fertilizer runoff, and water pollution. When soil moisture is high, heavy fertilizer application is possible, but at lower doses and kept away from the plant base. During dry periods, light and frequent watering is better, ensuring consistent moisture and promoting effective nutrient uptake. (Author: Yu Hongzhang, Agricultural Bureau of Xiaogan City, Hubei Province) Farmers Daily [Comment] [Print] [Close] [Size: Large, Medium, Small]

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