The arrangement of crops in the field is typically based on long-term climate patterns. This approach helps crops better adapt to changing weather conditions, which in turn enhances their yield and ensures more stable production. However, even when the same crop is grown by different farmers in various regions, the results can vary significantly. Beyond the use of improved seed varieties and enhanced agricultural management, achieving high yields also depends on scientific fertilization practices. The efficiency of fertilization is closely linked to the proper utilization of climatic resources.
Using temperature effectively can greatly improve soil fertility. Crops absorb nutrients and water through their roots, and applying fertilizer at the right temperature can significantly enhance its effectiveness. For example, ammonium bicarbonate, a type of nitrogen fertilizer, tends to volatilize quickly when applied shallowly at high temperatures, leading to waste. Deep application not only regulates soil temperature but also improves fertilizer efficiency. Different crops have different optimal temperatures for growth. Rice, for instance, thrives best at 30°C to 32°C, while cotton and corn prefer 25°C to 30°C. Tobacco requires around 22°C, and barley grows best at 18°C. Therefore, during hot seasons, it’s advisable to apply more decomposed organic fertilizer in appropriate amounts. However, it's important to avoid matching the peak of vegetative growth with the peak release of fertilizer, as this may cause early aging. In colder seasons, semi-humic organic fertilizer and high-concentration liquid manure can be used on winter crops to generate heat during decomposition and raise soil temperature. Adding an appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can also improve cold resistance. Additionally, weaker crops can benefit from quick-acting fertilizers to provide nutrients more rapidly.
Light intensity plays a key role in enhancing photosynthetic efficiency. The total annual radiation varies across different ecological zones, generally ranging from 90 to 160 kcal, with some areas receiving over 190 kcal. Agricultural practices should focus on utilizing light intensity to increase the leaf area coefficient of crops, thereby improving their ability to absorb and produce nutrients. In areas with good light conditions, more nitrogen fertilizer should be applied to support both vegetative and reproductive growth. In low-light environments, less nitrogen is needed to prevent delayed maturity. When light is too intense, deep fertilizer application is recommended to reduce photolysis and volatilization. Strong light also calls for increased phosphorus and potassium to improve water-use efficiency. As the leaf area increases, root spraying should be adjusted accordingly, preferably in the morning or after 4 p.m., when leaf stomata are open, allowing better nutrient absorption.
Water is essential for regulating the balance of moisture, nutrients, temperature, and gas in the soil. It directly affects root development and the uptake, transformation, and loss of nutrients. Proper use of water resources can help regulate fertilizer, temperature, and gas exchange. Scientific irrigation supports better nutrient availability and promotes healthier plant growth. Due to varying rainfall and water availability, it's crucial to avoid excessive nitrogen application during rainy seasons, as it can lead to crop overgrowth, nutrient runoff, and water pollution. When soil moisture is high, heavy fertilizer application (with higher concentration but lower dosage) is acceptable, but it should be kept at a safe distance from the plants. During dry periods, light fertilization combined with frequent watering is recommended to maintain consistent moisture levels and ensure effective nutrient uptake.
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