Must Know Security Knowledge

Emergency warnings are categorized into four levels based on severity: red (extremely serious), orange (serious), yellow (moderately severe), and blue (mild). These alerts serve as early signals to prepare for potential threats and ensure timely response.

Evaluating the control of hazard sources involves analyzing several key aspects. First, it considers the ability to prevent human errors from occurring. Second, it assesses how well the consequences of such errors can be managed. Third, it looks at the capability to stop failures from spreading. Lastly, it examines how difficult it is for mistakes or failures to lead to accidents.

A dangerous substance may exceed a critical mass in two scenarios. In one case, the quantity of a single hazardous material within a unit reaches or exceeds its critical threshold. In another, the sum of the ratios of different hazardous substances within a unit to their respective critical masses is greater than 1.

Hazard Control

To prevent accidents, several security measures are implemented: eliminating hazards, restricting energy or dangerous substances, and isolating risks. These strategies aim to minimize exposure and reduce the likelihood of incidents.

To avoid or reduce losses from accidents, safety techniques like segregation and evacuation are used. These methods help protect people and assets during emergencies.

A general hazard source consists of three main elements: the presence of a potential hazard, the conditions under which it exists, and the triggering factors that could lead to an incident.

Safety Epigram:

"Discipline does not limit freedom—it builds the cage that protects it. A system is the solid railroad leading to safety and happiness. Carry an umbrella to guard against the rain. Violations of rules do not go unnoticed; they bring consequences without mercy."

Major hazards and dangers refer to those that have the potential to cause significant accidents. A major hazard source is an object or facility where the amount of dangerous substances or energy exceeds a critical level. Major accident hazards are potential risks that could result in more than 10 deaths, over 5 million yuan in economic loss, or major social impact during business operations.

According to GB 18218-2000, a major hazard source refers to a unit—such as a production site, storage area, or facility—that produces, transports, uses, or stores dangerous goods either permanently or temporarily, with quantities equal to or exceeding the critical amount. A unit typically refers to a single facility or multiple facilities located within the same factory and less than 500 meters apart.

Accidents involving major hazard sources often result in catastrophic events, such as group fatalities, injuries, fires, explosions, and poisoning.

According to GB 18218-2000, major hazard sources are classified into two categories: those located in production sites and those in storage areas. The classification includes four types of substances: explosive, flammable, reactive, and toxic materials.

The hazard level of a major hazard source is divided into four tiers: primary (R ≥ 200M), secondary (100M ≤ R < 200M), tertiary (50M ≤ R < 100M), and quaternary (R < 50M), where R represents the radius of death.

Major hazards can manifest as various types of disasters, including extraordinary fire accidents, traffic accidents, construction safety issues, chemical and explosive safety incidents, mining accidents, and equipment-related accidents.

Safety Evaluation Methods:

Safety evaluation methods involve applying scientific principles and practical experience to assess risks. Common methods include fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, material hazard index evaluation, hazardous material scoring, operating condition hazard rating, and system safety basic scoring.

Safety Epigram:

"Neglecting safety while focusing on production is like taking fire from the fire. Good intentions can harm people if not properly applied. A single effective measure is better than ten slogans."

Safety inspection methods include regular checks, specialized inspections, and public participation. These inspections help identify and mitigate risks before they escalate.

Safety and Health Inspection Classification:

1. Statutory inspections: conducted according to legal requirements. 2. External inspections: carried out by law enforcement, insurance, or consulting agencies. 3. Administrative inspections: performed by higher management. 4. Routine inspections: planned by supervisors. 5. Production inspections: for new or re-commissioned equipment. 6. Continuous inspections: done by workers and supervisors, either formal or informal.

Before starting any inspection, it’s essential to define: what needs to be checked, how it should be assessed, the time frame, and who will conduct the inspection.

To improve inspection effectiveness, consider: acquiring necessary knowledge, using checklists, keeping records, reviewing past reports, asking questions, tracking hazards, correcting unsafe behaviors, conducting quantitative tests, and checking risk assessments.

Major harmful factors in production environments include toxic substances, dust, abnormal weather, radiation, pressure variations, noise, and vibration.

Safety courses cover various formats, such as lectures, seminars, audio-visual presentations, interactive classes, and hands-on experiments. These programs aim to enhance awareness and preparedness.

Safety training types include induction for new employees, job-specific training, leadership development, and specialized technical education.

Re-employment safety education is provided to workers returning after injury, illness, or long leave. It helps them reintegrate safely into the workplace.

"Five New" Safety Education: This refers to safety training for new technologies, materials, equipment, products, and methods before implementation.

How to Conduct Effective Safety Education:

1. Establish dedicated safety roles. 2. Make safety education regular and ongoing. 3. Use diverse and engaging methods. 4. Link training to accident prevention. 5. Develop a strong safety education system. 6. Understand human psychology and behavior. 7. Create tailored educational materials. 8. Promote school-based safety programs.

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