Dr. Norman Franz has long been recognized as the father of waterjets. He is the first person to study ultra high pressure (UHP) waterjet cutting tools. Ultra high pressure is defined as being above 30,000 psi. Dr. Franz is a forestry engineer who is looking for a new way to cut large trunks into wood. In 1950, for the first time, Franz put heavy weight on the water column, forcing the water through a small nozzle. He obtained a short high-pressure jet (more than the pressure now used) and was able to cut wood and other materials. His later research involved a more continuous flow of water, but he found it difficult to obtain continuous high pressure. At the same time, the life of a part is also measured in minutes, not weeks or months today.
Dr. Franz has never produced a mass-produced wood cutter. Today, wood cutting is one of the least important applications of ultra high pressure technology. But Dr. Franz proved that the high-speed converging water flow has tremendous cutting energy - this energy application goes far beyond Dr. Franz's dream.
In 1979, Dr. Mohamed Hashish worked at the Flow Research Laboratory and began researching ways to increase the energy of waterjet cutting to cut metals and other hard materials. Dr. Hashish is widely regarded as the father of sanding waterjets. He invented the method of adding sand to ordinary waterjets. He uses garnet sand (a material commonly used on sandpaper) as a sanding material. With this method, the waterjet (with sand) can cut almost any material. In 1980, sanding waterjets were first used to cut metal, glass and concrete. In 1983, the world's first commercial sanding waterjet cutting system was introduced and used to cut automotive glass. The first users of the technology were the aerospace industry, who found the waterjet to be the ideal tool for cutting stainless steel, titanium and high-strength lightweight composite materials and carbon fiber composites used in military aircraft (now used in civil aircraft). Since then, abrasive waterjets have been adopted by many other industries, such as processing plants, stone, ceramic tiles, glass, jet engines, construction, nuclear industry, shipyards, and more.
The basic technology is simple and complex. In the most basic case, water flows from the pump, through the pipe, and then out of the cutting head. Its instructions, operation and maintenance are simple. However, this process involves very complex material techniques and designs. In order to generate and control water pressure of 60,000 psi, scientific techniques not available in books are required. Under such pressure, if it is not properly designed, a small leak may cause permanent erosion damage to the workpiece. Fortunately, waterjet manufacturers use sophisticated material technology and advanced engineering. Users only need to know the basic waterjet operation knowledge.
In essence, there are two types of waterjets: (1) pure water waterjets and (2) sandpaper waterjets. The equipment is designed to use only pure water waterjets, only abrasive waterjets, or both. Regardless of the form, the water must first be pressurized.
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