In the production of silage, in order to make lactic acid bacteria grow and multiply rapidly, the following conditions must be met: First, the silage material should have a certain sugar content; second, it should have a suitable water content; third, create a suitable anatomy. The oxygen environment; the fourth is to have suitable moisture; the fifth is to have a reasonable density.
First, the sugar content of silage raw materials
There must be a sufficient amount of soluble sugar in the silage material to ensure the proliferation of lactic acid bacteria and produce sufficient lactic acid. If there is little soluble sugar in the raw material, it cannot be made into high quality silage even if other conditions are available. The protein and alkaline elements in the silage material neutralize a part of the lactic acid, and the microbial activity can be inhibited only when the pH value of the silage material is 4.2. Therefore, lactic acid bacteria form lactic acid, so that the sugar content of the raw material required at a pH of 4.2 is an important condition, which is usually called the minimum required sugar content. The actual sugar content in the raw material is greater than the minimum sugar content, that is, the positive silage sugar is poor; on the contrary, when the actual sugar content of the raw material is less than the minimum sugar content, the negative silage sugar is poor. Any silage raw material is easy to silage when the positive silage is poor, and the larger the positive number, the easier it is to silage; the raw material is negative silage, the difference is difficult to silage, and the greater the difference, the less easy to silage.
For example, corn requires 2.91 g of lactic acid per 100 g of dry matter to overcome the buffering effect of alkaline elements and proteins, and lower the pH to 4.2. Therefore, 2.91 is the buffer of corn, and the minimum sugar content is 2.91% × 1.7 = 4.95%. The actual sugar content of corn is 26.80%, and the difference in silage sugar is 21.85%.
The buffering degree of alfalfa is 5.58%, and the minimum sugar content is 5.58%×1.7=9.50%. Since the actual sugar content in alfalfa is only 3.72%, the difference in silage sugar is –5.78%. When legume forage silage, due to the low sugar content in the raw materials, the lactic acid bacteria can not be multiplied normally, the amount of lactic acid produced is small, and the pH value cannot be reduced to below 4.2, which will cause a large number of spoilage bacteria, butyric acid bacteria, etc., resulting in silage stinky and stinky. , the quality is reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare an excellent silage material, and the silage raw material must contain an appropriate amount of sugar, and the general content should be at least 1% to 1.5% of the fresh weight.
In general, grass crops and pastures have high sugar content and are easy to silage; legume feed crops and pastures have low sugar content and are not easy to silage. According to the poor silage of feed, silage raw materials can be divided into three categories:
(1) Raw materials that are easy to silage. Such as corn, sorghum, grasses, sweet potato vines, pumpkin, Jerusalem artichoke, sunflower, turnip, cabbage, etc., such feed contains moderate or more easily soluble carbohydrates, with a large positive silage sugar.
(2) Raw materials that are not easy to silage. Such as medlar, clover, grass sorghum, soybean, pea, milk vetch, potato stems and leaves, etc., containing less carbohydrates, are negative silage sugar, should be mixed with the first type of storage, or add silage fermentation inhibitor modulation special Silage.
(3) Raw materials that cannot be silaged separately. Such as pumpkin vines, watermelon vines and so on. These plants have very low sugar content, and silage alone is not easy to be successful. It can only be successful if it is mixed with other silage-prone raw materials or added with carbohydrates (such as bran, hay powder, etc.) or acid silage.
Second, the water content of silage raw materials
If the moisture content of silage raw materials is too high or too low, it will affect the silage fermentation process and the quality of silage. If the water is too low, it is difficult to step on the compaction during silage, and more air is left in the sputum, causing a large number of aerobic bacteria to multiply and make the feed moldy and corrupt. When there is too much moisture, it is easy to compact and agglomerate, which is beneficial to the activity of butyric acid bacteria. At the same time, the plant cell juice is squeezed and drained, so that nutrients are lost.
Silage materials with too high or too low water content should be treated or adjusted during silage. For feeds with excessive moisture, the silage should be slightly dried and wilted before silage, so that the moisture content can reach the requirements and then silage. If the water content cannot be reached after wilting, dry materials should be added for mixed silage. It is also possible to mix the raw materials with high water content and the raw materials with low moisture in appropriate proportions, such as corn stover and sweet potato vine, sweet potato vine and peanut mash, corn stalk and alfalfa, but the mixing ratio of silage is high. The raw materials account for 1/3.
Third, anaerobic environment
Lactic acid bacteria are anaerobic bacteria, and harmful microorganisms such as spoilage bacteria are mostly aerobic bacteria. If there is more air in the silage material, it will affect the growth and reproduction of lactic acid bacteria, but will cause active microorganisms such as spoilage bacteria to be active. Mass reproduction, strong oxidation, temperature increase (up to 60 ° C), so that silage sugar decomposition, vitamin destruction, protein digestion rate, silage raw materials will deteriorate. Delaying the sealing has an adverse effect on the surface layer of feed. After sealing, the lower layer of the feed will also deteriorate, causing protein breakdown and sugar oxidation, resulting in temperature rise and bacterial community changes.
In order to create good anaerobic growth and breeding conditions for lactic acid bacteria, the raw materials must be cut short, packed tightly, and the silage is well sealed.
The purpose of shortening the silage material is to facilitate the filling and compaction, convenient access, easy access to livestock, and reduced waste. At the same time, after the raw materials are cut or pulverized, the plant cells are easily exuded from the juice during the silage, and the surface is wetted, and the sugar is discharged and attached to the surface layer of the raw material, which is beneficial to the reproduction of the lactic acid bacteria. The degree of cut should be determined according to the nature of the raw materials and the needs of livestock and poultry. For cattle and sheep, the thin stem plants such as grasses, legumes, grass grass, sweet potato vines, young corn seedlings, etc., are cut into 3 to 4 cm long. It is sufficient; for thick stem plants or coarse plants such as corn, sunflower, etc., it is suitable to cut into 2 to 3 cm. Leafy vegetables and young plants may also not cut short silage. For pigs, all kinds of silage materials should be cut as short as possible, finely crushed or beaten silage is better.
After the raw material is cut short, the silage is easy to be filled and compacted, so that the air inside the crucible is discharged. Generally, the raw materials are packed with firm and appropriate silage, and the fermentation temperature is about 30 ° C, and the maximum is not more than 38 ° C.
The faster the filling process of silage, the better, so that the exposure time of raw materials in the air can be shortened, the loss caused by the respiration of plant cells can be reduced, and the proliferation of aerobic bacteria can be avoided. The enamel is covered immediately after being fully compressed, resulting in an anaerobic environment, prompting the rapid propagation of lactic acid bacteria and the accumulation of lactic acid to ensure the quality of silage.
Fourth, the appropriate temperature
The suitable temperature for silage is 26.7～37.8°C, and the temperature is too high or too low, which is not conducive to the growth and reproduction of lactic acid bacteria, and affects the quality of silage. If the silage is pressed tightly and the top is tightly sealed, the temperature will not exceed the above range. If the air inside the sputum has been discharged, the temperature of the silage is not obvious, and the vicinity of the bottom is 26.7 to 29.4 °C, and the vicinity of the top is about 37.8 °C or slightly higher. Under normal circumstances, the temperature rises from 1 to 15 days after silage and then decreases. If the silo kiln leaks, the temperature can rise sharply to 54.4 ° C, which will make the silage deteriorate.
Fifth, low density silage appropriate moisture content, should be higher storage density; higher moisture content, the storage density is not too much, so as to avoid excessive losses fermented juice, such as a water content of 80% corn stalks, when When 500kg, 600kg, 700kg and 800kg are stored per cubic meter respectively, the sugar content in the silage is 2.6%, 4.7%, 1.0%, 0.5%, and the organic acids are 13.0%, 16.6%, 18.5% and 16.2. %. The lactic acid content of the organic acid was 3.0%, 4.9%, 6.0%, and 9.4%, and the dry matter loss was 2.7%, 2.6%, 3.1%, and 3.6%, respectively.
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