Smart card classification:
The smart card is the core of smart card technology. Its performance and cost play a decisive role in the promotion and use of smart card technology. In order to improve the standardization and versatility of smart cards, the International Organization for Standardization makes detailed provisions on the interface and communication protocol of smart cards. Smart card manufacturers SIEMENS, ATMEL, GEMPLUS, MOTOROLA, MICROCHIP and other companies.
Smart cards are semiconductor cards. Semiconductor cards use microelectronics technology for information storage and processing. According to its composition, smart cards can be divided into general memory cards, encrypted memory cards, CPU cards, and super smart cards:
Non-encrypted memory card (Memory Card)
The embedded chip is equivalent to an ordinary serial E2PROM memory, and some chips also increase the write protection function in a specific area. Such card information is easy to store, simple to use, and inexpensive, and can be used as a substitute for a magnetic card in many occasions, but it does not have information itself. Confidentiality, therefore, can only be used in applications where confidentiality is not demanding.
Encrypted memory card (SecurityCard)
Encrypted memory card embedded chip adds control logic outside the storage area. Before accessing the storage area, it needs to check the password. Only if the password is correct, the access operation can be performed. This type of information is relatively confidential and is similar to the ordinary memory card.
CPU Card (SmartCard)
The embedded chip of the CPU card is equivalent to a special type of single-chip microcomputer. Besides the controller, memory, and timing control logic, the CPU card also has an arithmetic unit and an operating system. Since the CPU card has large storage capacity and strong processing capability, the information Storage security features. Therefore, it is widely used in occasions where information security is particularly demanding.
Super smart card
The card has an MPU and a memory and is equipped with a health disk, a liquid crystal display and a power supply, and some cards also have a fingerprint recognition device.
According to data reading and writing methods, smart cards can be divided into two types: contact IC cards and non-contact IC cards:
Contact IC card
The former is contacted by the contacts of the read-write device and the contacts on the card to read and write data; the international standard ISO7816 series specifies such IC cards.
Contactless IC card
The latter has no circuit contact with the read-write device and is read and written by non-contact read-write technology (eg, optical or radio technology). Its embedded chip is in addition to memory cells. Outside the control logic, an RF transceiver circuit was added. Such cards are generally used where access is frequent and where reliability requirements are particularly high. The international standard ISO 10536 series describes the relevant regulations for non-contact IC cards.
According to the data exchange format classification, smart cards can be divided into two types: serial and parallel:
Serial IC card
When the smart card exchanges data with the outside world, the data stream is input and output in a serial manner. Most IC cards in current applications are classified as serial IC cards. Serial IC cards have a simple interface and are easy to use. The International Standards Organization has specifically developed related standards.
Parallel IC card
Contrary to the serial IC card, the data exchange of the parallel IC card is performed in a parallel manner, which can bring about two advantages. First, the speed of data exchange is increased, and secondly, the storage capacity can be significantly increased under the existing technical conditions. The company has made explorations in addition to manufacturers, and has put products into use. However, due to the lack of corresponding international standards, there are still some problems in large-scale applications.
In addition, the relevant manufacturers have also designed and manufactured a variety of smart cards suitable for practical purposes, such as:
Prepayment Card (PrepaymentCard)
After the prepaid card is shipped, the features before the initialization are similar to those of the encryption memory card, but the capacity is small. Once the user initializes, the information is read similar to an ordinary memory card, and the embedded chip is equivalent to a counter. The counter can only be used for subtraction and cannot be added. When the count is zero, the chip is obsolete. Therefore, it is disposable. This card is designed for pre-paid use.
Mixed card
Mixed cards also exist in many forms. The IC chip and the magnetic card are combined on the same card, and the contact type and the non-contact type are integrated. Generally, they are called "mixed cards."
In addition, in 1981, a company in the United States proposed the concept of optical card, which enriched the card-based data storage. The optical card is composed of semiconductor laser material and can store and reproduce a large amount of information. The optical card record format currently forms two formats: Canon type and Delta type. Both forms have been accepted as international standards by the International Organization for Standardization. The optical card has a small size, is easy to carry around, data security, reliability, large capacity, strong anti-interference, not easy to change, confidentiality is good and relatively inexpensive and so on.
Some smart cards have been provided as standard products, which will be introduced in detail in the following chapters. Some of them require user customization. This book is only for programmatic introduction. In addition, some companies are planning to use Flash Memory technology to manufacture smart cards to further expand capacity, increase speed, reduce cost and power consumption, which will be another leap forward in smart card technology. It is expected that with the continuous development and progress of new technologies and new processes, new card types will continue to emerge in the future.
The smart card is the core of smart card technology. Its performance and cost play a decisive role in the promotion and use of smart card technology. In order to improve the standardization and versatility of smart cards, the International Organization for Standardization makes detailed provisions on the interface and communication protocol of smart cards. Smart card manufacturers SIEMENS, ATMEL, GEMPLUS, MOTOROLA, MICROCHIP and other companies.
Smart cards are semiconductor cards. Semiconductor cards use microelectronics technology for information storage and processing. According to its composition, smart cards can be divided into general memory cards, encrypted memory cards, CPU cards, and super smart cards:
Non-encrypted memory card (Memory Card)
The embedded chip is equivalent to an ordinary serial E2PROM memory, and some chips also increase the write protection function in a specific area. Such card information is easy to store, simple to use, and inexpensive, and can be used as a substitute for a magnetic card in many occasions, but it does not have information itself. Confidentiality, therefore, can only be used in applications where confidentiality is not demanding.
Encrypted memory card (SecurityCard)
Encrypted memory card embedded chip adds control logic outside the storage area. Before accessing the storage area, it needs to check the password. Only if the password is correct, the access operation can be performed. This type of information is relatively confidential and is similar to the ordinary memory card.
CPU Card (SmartCard)
The embedded chip of the CPU card is equivalent to a special type of single-chip microcomputer. Besides the controller, memory, and timing control logic, the CPU card also has an arithmetic unit and an operating system. Since the CPU card has large storage capacity and strong processing capability, the information Storage security features. Therefore, it is widely used in occasions where information security is particularly demanding.
Super smart card
The card has an MPU and a memory and is equipped with a health disk, a liquid crystal display and a power supply, and some cards also have a fingerprint recognition device.
According to data reading and writing methods, smart cards can be divided into two types: contact IC cards and non-contact IC cards:
Contact IC card
The former is contacted by the contacts of the read-write device and the contacts on the card to read and write data; the international standard ISO7816 series specifies such IC cards.
Contactless IC card
The latter has no circuit contact with the read-write device and is read and written by non-contact read-write technology (eg, optical or radio technology). Its embedded chip is in addition to memory cells. Outside the control logic, an RF transceiver circuit was added. Such cards are generally used where access is frequent and where reliability requirements are particularly high. The international standard ISO 10536 series describes the relevant regulations for non-contact IC cards.
According to the data exchange format classification, smart cards can be divided into two types: serial and parallel:
Serial IC card
When the smart card exchanges data with the outside world, the data stream is input and output in a serial manner. Most IC cards in current applications are classified as serial IC cards. Serial IC cards have a simple interface and are easy to use. The International Standards Organization has specifically developed related standards.
Parallel IC card
Contrary to the serial IC card, the data exchange of the parallel IC card is performed in a parallel manner, which can bring about two advantages. First, the speed of data exchange is increased, and secondly, the storage capacity can be significantly increased under the existing technical conditions. The company has made explorations in addition to manufacturers, and has put products into use. However, due to the lack of corresponding international standards, there are still some problems in large-scale applications.
In addition, the relevant manufacturers have also designed and manufactured a variety of smart cards suitable for practical purposes, such as:
Prepayment Card (PrepaymentCard)
After the prepaid card is shipped, the features before the initialization are similar to those of the encryption memory card, but the capacity is small. Once the user initializes, the information is read similar to an ordinary memory card, and the embedded chip is equivalent to a counter. The counter can only be used for subtraction and cannot be added. When the count is zero, the chip is obsolete. Therefore, it is disposable. This card is designed for pre-paid use.
Mixed card
Mixed cards also exist in many forms. The IC chip and the magnetic card are combined on the same card, and the contact type and the non-contact type are integrated. Generally, they are called "mixed cards."
In addition, in 1981, a company in the United States proposed the concept of optical card, which enriched the card-based data storage. The optical card is composed of semiconductor laser material and can store and reproduce a large amount of information. The optical card record format currently forms two formats: Canon type and Delta type. Both forms have been accepted as international standards by the International Organization for Standardization. The optical card has a small size, is easy to carry around, data security, reliability, large capacity, strong anti-interference, not easy to change, confidentiality is good and relatively inexpensive and so on.
Some smart cards have been provided as standard products, which will be introduced in detail in the following chapters. Some of them require user customization. This book is only for programmatic introduction. In addition, some companies are planning to use Flash Memory technology to manufacture smart cards to further expand capacity, increase speed, reduce cost and power consumption, which will be another leap forward in smart card technology. It is expected that with the continuous development and progress of new technologies and new processes, new card types will continue to emerge in the future.
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