"In addition to using organic fertilizers and green manure, techniques such as straw incorporation, soil loosening, and soil testing combined with formula fertilization can significantly enhance orchard soil fertility," said Professor Fang Fanggong, the vice chairman of the Shandong Soil and Fertilizer Society and an expert in the Shandong Provincial Fertilization Expert Group from Qingdao Agricultural University.
Straw incorporation involves chopping crop residues into small pieces—typically 5 to 10 cm in length—and returning them to the soil. This method helps increase the organic matter content in the soil, which is crucial for long-term soil health. The recommended amount of straw is around 1,000 kg per mu. To ensure effective decomposition, it's also important to apply nitrogen fertilizer—about 3 to 5 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per 100 kg of straw. A catalyst may be added to speed up the breakdown process. It’s best to place the straw under the tree canopy and mix it into the soil for optimal results.
Soil testing and formula fertilization play a key role in improving orchard fertility by identifying the specific nutrient deficiencies and growth-limiting factors. Based on these findings, customized fertilization plans can be developed. There are two main types of formula fertilizers: one tailored to the crop type and another designed for the soil conditions. For example, crops that are sensitive to chlorine should not be fertilized with chlorine-containing products. However, combining these approaches can be complex, and close communication with agricultural extension experts is essential to achieve the best outcomes.
Soil improvement techniques like adding guest soil, loosening the soil, or deep plowing are commonly used in orchards, especially in clay soils or areas with poor soil structure and low fertility. When applying guest soil, a layer of about 10 cm is typically sufficient. In addition to this, deep tillage up to 30 cm can improve soil aeration and water retention. However, while these practices enhance the physical properties of the soil, they don’t directly increase its fertility. Therefore, it's crucial to combine these methods with proper fertilization to fully optimize orchard productivity.
By integrating scientific soil management practices with targeted nutrient application, farmers can maintain healthy, productive orchards for years to come.
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